I’m Kristin Dodds, one of the directors of Learn Real English.
And I’m AJ Hoge, also one of the teachers and directors of Learn Real English.
And welcome to Rule #3. This is the listening rule. And it’s probably the most important rule.
Yep, I’d say that Rule #3, listen, listen, listen, it’s absolutely number one most important.
And it’s one of the simplest rules, wouldn’t you say AJ?
Yeah, it’s very simple and it’s easy. It’s relaxing which is what I like about it. You know, just listen. Listen, listen, listen, it’s really the number one key to speaking well.
Many people, myself included when I was learning a language, many people learn a language, they learn with their eyes, not with their ears.
Mm-hm.
For example, we learn, when you’re learning a language you learn with a textbook. So many people learn, they think, they’re reading, they’re learning, they’re thinking, they’re studying about grammar rules. And therefore I probably know more grammar rules than a French person would learn. Or, I’m sorry, know.
That’s the language I learned when I was in high school and college. When in fact a native French person probably doesn’t even pay attention to the tenses. They just naturally speak.
Yeah, I guarantee that no native speaker of any language, so native speaker of course means that you started learning when you were a baby. Nobody thinks about grammar rules while they’re speaking because there is no time.
Right.
It’s impossible to remember a grammar book this big each time you want to speak. I remember one time I was teaching and I was teaching articles…words like the, a, an, like an apple, the apple, and there were four pages of explanations on how to use those three words. We use those words in nearly every sentence.
There’s no way that you’re brain can think about four pages of rules every time you want to say the word “the”. It’s impossible.
Right.
So studying grammar rules doesn’t work. What does work is listening, listening, listening, until it becomes just easy and automatic. And that’s what you want to do. That’s why this rule is so powerful. This is how babies learn. They learn to speak their language through listening.
Yeah, and I also want to point out that a lot of times when learning a language in the traditional way, there is a focus put on speaking as well.
Mm-hm, that’s right.
And again, babies you know, they take…they don’t start speaking until they’re two years old. They’re just listening. They’re taking it all in.
That’s right, I think students need to relax more because they get really stressful and nervous about, you know, their speaking mistakes. But great speaking comes from great listening. And really you need to listen, I think for probably four to six months, focus only on listening first. Focus on that, just listening. Don’t worry about speaking. I mean you can speak if you want to, but don’t force it. Don’t get upset if you make
mistakes. Your number one focus must be listening, listening, listening, for at least six months. More is okay.
So, there’s two important things here to remember with the listening. The first one is how. How should you listen? You should make sure that it’s really simple English. Bare English. You want to be able to understand about 95%. There’s been a lot of research done on this to prove that if the input is too high, if it’s just too difficult…
Then you’re not going to understand.
Yeah, you’re not going to take it in.
Yeah, you’re not going to learn fast so that’s another mistake I lot of students make. They try to listen to things that are much too difficult. They’re trying to listen to, you know, movies…
Right.
…they’re trying to listen to CNN and the BBC.
Yeah, I was going to say the news.
And that’s just too difficult for a lot of people. So the rule is you should understand 95% of the words of everything. So you’re watching something, you’re listening to something. If you understand 95%, perfect, it’s a good level for you. If you don’t understand that much, if it’s more difficult, find something easier.
And it could even be a child’s movie.
Yeah, children’s books, children’s movies…
Yeah.
…audiobooks, really for listening. Easy podcasts…
Mm-hm.
…anything like that, easy, easy, easy is the most important thing.
And the second thing to focus on is when. And as AJ has been saying many times, just listen, listen, listen to as many things as you can in English.
As much as possible, there’s no limits really…
As much as possible, right.
Do it in the morning when you get up. When you go to work. During your lunch break. When you’re coming home. At night at home. Just as much listening as you can, that’s why it’s great to use an iPod because you can do it during the day as you go around doing shopping, exercising, and in a bus, in a train, anywhere, anytime.
So that’s, that’s it, I guess, right?
That’s it for Rule #3.
Rule #3…listen, listen, listen and listen some more. Learn with your ears. Alright, see you for the next rule.
Bye.
Hello, everybody! Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, everybody. All right, everybody go ahead and have a seat. How is everybody doing today? (Applause.) How about Tim Spicer? (Applause.) I am here with students at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia. And we’ve got students tuning in from all across America, from kindergarten through 12th grade. And I am just so glad that all could join us today. And I want to thank Wakefield for being such an outstanding host. Give yourselves a big round of applause. (Applause.)
I know that for many of you, today is the first day of school. And for those of you in kindergarten, or starting middle or high school, it’s your first day in a new school, so it’s understandable if you’re a little nervous. I imagine there are some seniors out there who are feeling pretty good right now — (applause) — with just one more year to go. And no matter what grade you’re in, some of you are probably wishing it were still summer and you could’ve stayed in bed just a little bit longer this morning.
I know that feeling. When I was young, my family lived overseas. I lived in Indonesia for a few years. And my mother, she didn’t have the money to send me where all the American kids went to school, but she thought it was important for me to keep up with an American education. So she decided to teach me extra lessons herself, Monday through Friday. But because she had to go to work, the only time she could do it was at 4:30 in the morning.
Now, as you might imagine, I wasn’t too happy about getting up that early. And a lot of times, I’d fall asleep right there at the kitchen table. But whenever I’d complain, my mother would just give me one of those looks and she’d say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster.” (Laughter.)
So I know that some of you are still adjusting to being back at school. But I’m here today because I have something important to discuss with you. I’m here because I want to talk with you about your education and what’s expected of all of you in this new school year.
Now, I’ve given a lot of speeches about education. And I’ve talked about responsibility a lot.
I’ve talked about teachers’ responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn.
I’ve talked about your parents’ responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don’t spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox.
I’ve talked a lot about your government’s responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren’t working, where students aren’t getting the opportunities that they deserve.
But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world — and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed. That’s what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.
I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself. Every single one of you has something that you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what that is. That’s the opportunity an education can provide.
Maybe you could be a great writer — maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper — but you might not know it until you write that English paper — that English class paper that’s assigned to you. Maybe you could be an innovator or an inventor — maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or the new medicine or vaccine — but you might not know it until you do your project for your science class. Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice — but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team.
And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you’ll need an education to do it. You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military? You’re going to need a good education for every single one of those careers. You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job. You’ve got to train for it and work for it and learn for it.
And this isn’t just important for your own life and your own future. What you make of your education will decide nothing less than the future of this country. The future of America depends on you. What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.
You’ll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment. You’ll need the insights and critical-thinking skills you gain in history and social studies to fight poverty and homelessness, crime and discrimination, and make our nation more fair and more free. You’ll need the creativity and ingenuity you develop in all your classes to build new companies that will create new jobs and boost our economy.
We need every single one of you to develop your talents and your skills and your intellect so you can help us old folks solve our most difficult problems. If you don’t do that — if you quit on school — you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country.
Now, I know it’s not always easy to do well in school. I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork.
I get it. I know what it’s like. My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mom who had to work and who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn’t always able to give us the things that other kids had. There were times when I missed having a father in my life. There were times when I was lonely and I felt like I didn’t fit in.
So I wasn’t always as focused as I should have been on school, and I did some things I’m not proud of, and I got in more trouble than I should have. And my life could have easily taken a turn for the worse.
But I was — I was lucky. I got a lot of second chances, and I had the opportunity to go to college and law school and follow my dreams. My wife, our First Lady Michelle Obama, she has a similar story. Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didn’t have a lot of money. But they worked hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools in this country.
Some of you might not have those advantages. Maybe you don’t have adults in your life who give you the support that you need. Maybe someone in your family has lost their job and there’s not enough money to go around. Maybe you live in a neighborhood where you don’t feel safe, or have friends who are pressuring you to do things you know aren’t right.
But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life — what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you’ve got going on at home — none of that is an excuse for neglecting your homework or having a bad attitude in school. That’s no excuse for talking back to your teacher, or cutting class, or dropping out of school. There is no excuse for not trying.
Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you, because here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.
That’s what young people like you are doing every day, all across America.
Young people like Jazmin Perez, from Roma, Texas. Jazmin didn’t speak English when she first started school. Neither of her parents had gone to college. But she worked hard, earned good grades, and got a scholarship to Brown University — is now in graduate school, studying public health, on her way to becoming Dr. Jazmin Perez.
I’m thinking about Andoni Schultz, from Los Altos, California, who’s fought brain cancer since he was three. He’s had to endure all sorts of treatments and surgeries, one of which affected his memory, so it took him much longer — hundreds of extra hours — to do his schoolwork. But he never fell behind. He’s headed to college this fall.
And then there’s Shantell Steve, from my hometown of Chicago, Illinois. Even when bouncing from foster home to foster home in the toughest neighborhoods in the city, she managed to get a job at a local health care center, start a program to keep young people out of gangs, and she’s on track to graduate high school with honors and go on to college.
And Jazmin, Andoni, and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you. They face challenges in their lives just like you do. In some cases they’ve got it a lot worse off than many of you. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their lives, for their education, and set goals for themselves. And I expect all of you to do the same.
That’s why today I’m calling on each of you to set your own goals for your education — and do everything you can to meet them. Your goal can be something as simple as doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending some time each day reading a book. Maybe you’ll decide to get involved in an extracurricular activity, or volunteer in your community. Maybe you’ll decide to stand up for kids who are being teased or bullied because of who they are or how they look, because you believe, like I do, that all young people deserve a safe environment to study and learn. Maybe you’ll decide to take better care of yourself so you can be more ready to learn. And along those lines, by the way, I hope all of you are washing your hands a lot, and that you stay home from school when you don’t feel well, so we can keep people from getting the flu this fall and winter.
But whatever you resolve to do, I want you to commit to it. I want you to really work at it.
I know that sometimes you get that sense from TV that you can be rich and successful without any hard work — that your ticket to success is through rapping or basketball or being a reality TV star. Chances are you’re not going to be any of those things.
The truth is, being successful is hard. You won’t love every subject that you study. You won’t click with every teacher that you have. Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute. And you won’t necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try.
That’s okay. Some of the most successful people in the world are the ones who’ve had the most failures. J.K. Rowling’s — who wrote Harry Potter — her first Harry Potter book was rejected 12 times before it was finally published. Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team. He lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career. But he once said, “I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that’s why I succeed.”
These people succeeded because they understood that you can’t let your failures define you — you have to let your failures teach you. You have to let them show you what to do differently the next time. So if you get into trouble, that doesn’t mean you’re a troublemaker, it means you need to try harder to act right. If you get a bad grade, that doesn’t mean you’re stupid, it just means you need to spend more time studying.
No one’s born being good at all things. You become good at things through hard work. You’re not a varsity athlete the first time you play a new sport. You don’t hit every note the first time you sing a song. You’ve got to practice. The same principle applies to your schoolwork. You might have to do a math problem a few times before you get it right. You might have to read something a few times before you understand it. You definitely have to do a few drafts of a paper before it’s good enough to hand in.
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Don’t be afraid to ask for help when you need it. I do that every day. Asking for help isn’t a sign of weakness, it’s a sign of strength because it shows you have the courage to admit when you don’t know something, and that then allows you to learn something new. So find an adult that you trust — a parent, a grandparent or teacher, a coach or a counselor — and ask them to help you stay on track to meet your goals.
And even when you’re struggling, even when you’re discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you, don’t ever give up on yourself, because when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country.
The story of America isn’t about people who quit when things got tough. It’s about people who kept going, who tried harder, who loved their country too much to do anything less than their best.
It’s the story of students who sat where you sit 250 years ago, and went on to wage a revolution and they founded this nation. Young people. Students who sat where you sit 75 years ago who overcame a Depression and won a world war; who fought for civil rights and put a man on the moon. Students who sat where you sit 20 years ago who founded Google and Twitter and Facebook and changed the way we communicate with each other.
So today, I want to ask all of you, what’s your contribution going to be? What problems are you going to solve? What discoveries will you make? What will a President who comes here in 20 or 50 or 100 years say about what all of you did for this country?
Now, your families, your teachers, and I are doing everything we can to make sure you have the education you need to answer these questions. I’m working hard to fix up your classrooms and get you the books and the equipment and the computers you need to learn. But you’ve got to do your part, too. So I expect all of you to get serious this year. I expect you to put your best effort into everything you do. I expect great things from each of you. So don’t let us down. Don’t let your family down or your country down. Most of all, don’t let yourself down. Make us all proud.
Thank you very much, everybody. God bless you. God bless America. Thank you.
Un estudio realizado en Estados Unidos sobre la Educación Online
La educación a distancia a través de Internet (online) ha experimentado en los últimos años un gran crecimiento. En Estados Unidos, unos 3,9 millones de personas estudiaban en 2007 algún curso de educación superior virtualmente, un 12% más que el año anterior, mientras la población universitaria total creció un 1,2%, según las cifras del estadounidense Sloan Consortium. En España, aproximadamente el 30% de la oferta de programas de posgrado es ya online, según datos del Instituto Universitario de Posgrado (IUP). El crecimiento de esta opción parece imparable, pero siempre se ha considerado algo menor, el recurso de quien no puede acceder a la formación clásica presencial, la única que realmente ofrece una educación de alta calidad.
La educación superior por Internet ha crecido un 12% en EE UU en un año
Poner la pedagogía por encima de la tecnología es la clave, añade otro
Distintos expertos auguran un esquema mixto de ambos modelos
Normalmente, los estudiantes a distancia tienen un plus de motivación
El crecimiento de estudiantes en todo el mundo requerirá de Internet
Los profesores seguirían en el centro, pero con un papel distinto
Pero, ¿y si resulta que los alumnos de enseñanza online aprenden más, de media, que los de presencial en educación superior? Según un estudio que la consultora SRI International ha hecho para el Departamento de Educación de Estados Unidos, es así, con una diferencia pequeña cuando se refiere a la formación totalmente online, pero que es muy significativa cuando se compara con los proyectos que combinan las clases de toda la vida con la formación a distancia usando nuevas tecnologías.
No se trata, dicen las conclusiones, de que el ordenador tenga algún tipo de efecto mágico, es decir, que el modelo en sí sea más efectivo, sino que el uso de esas herramientas en la educación suele implicar que el alumno dedica más tiempo al estudio, que busca información adicional por su cuenta, la comparte, colabora y, en definitiva, es más propenso a tomar las riendas de su propio aprendizaje en lugar de ser un sujeto pasivo y muchas veces anónimo en medio de una clase llena (a veces excesivamente) de alumnos. Objetivos que, por otra parte, lleva décadas reclamando la investigación educativa para la enseñanza en general, recuerda el experto en educación Rodrigo Juan García.
De hecho, muchos expertos aseguran que el futuro de la universidad está en el modelo mixto: mucho trabajo individual o colaborativo con herramientas de Internet -desde clases magistrales colgadas en la web hasta materiales de trabajo o ejercicios- y seminarios presenciales, y tutorías individuales, online o en persona. Éste es el futuro, sin duda, según James C. Taylor, profesor de la Universidad de Queensland (Australia) y uno de los autores del estudio de 2006 de la UNESCO La Universidad virtual: “Bien diseñado, toma lo mejor de ambos modelos”.
Y para el profesor de la Complutense Jesús Flores el proceso es imparable. Señala que la idea de enseñanza híbrida está en el fondo de la reforma europea de las universidades (el plan Bolonia). “El nuevo modelo en el que se basa la educación online conllevará una transformación de las instalaciones de las facultades, igual que con la filosofía del espacio europeo. ¿Para qué queremos aulas para 140 personas, si el modelo online no las necesita y el modelo europeo apuesta por un número limitado de 25 a 40 alumnos por clase? Desde luego que todo esto implica una transformación”.
El reciente trabajo del Departamento de Educación estadounidense se ha dedicado a revisar las investigaciones hechas sobre el tema entre 1996 y 2008 y ha acabado seleccionando los 99 estudios que hacían una comparación cuantitativa fiable entre las dos formas de enseñanza, para quedarse finalmente con los 49, casi todos muy recientes, que ofrecían una mayor fiabilidad (la mayoría del campo de la Medicina y sanidad, pero también de informática, educación, matemáticas, idiomas, ciencias sociales y empresariales).
Asignándoles valores a las diferencias de aprendizaje (medidos mediante test fiables) de cada uno, el resultado es que la enseñanza puramente online produjo un efecto ligeramente mejor que la presencial (una desviación favorable de 0.14 medida entre 0 y 1) en los resultados, pero que la combinación de elementos online y presenciales es significativamente más efectiva (con una desviación de 0.35).
El estudio advierte de que hace falta mucha más investigación en este campo -muchos de los trabajos analizados se hicieron con muestras pequeñas o con escasez de variables analizadas- y que sus conclusiones están encuadradas para educación superior y de adultos; no son válidas para la enseñanza primaria y secundaria porque en esas edades no han encontrado suficientes evidencias. Esto, para el doctor en Psicopedagogía y profesor en la Facultad de Educación de la UNED José Manuel Suárez tiene toda la lógica, ya que la autorregulación que requiere la educación a distancia necesita a su vez cierta madurez del estudiante.
Al profesor de Didáctica y Organización Escolar de la Universidad de Sevilla Julio Cabero no le sorprenden los resultados del estudio, similares a los de uno que se hizo recientemente en las universidades andaluzas, asegura. Cabero cree que “la formación online puede perfectamente dar iguales o mejores resultados que la presencial, pero siempre que por encima de la tecnología pongamos la pedagogía”. El profesor recuerda algunos errores que cometió la educación virtual en sus inicios, como colocar, sin más, información en la Red, e insiste en que lo importante es buscar “metodologías activas y colaborativas en el trabajo de los estudiantes y no solamente entornos pasivos donde el estudiante se baje un fichero y lo memorice”.
“Opino que ni mejor, ni peor”, comienza relativizando la comparación online-presencial Jesús Flores, doctor en Ciencias de la Información de la Complutense. Para él, por su experiencia como docente a distancia, la principal ventaja por ahora de la opción online es “la flexibilidad de horario sin tener que trasladarse a ningún sitio”. Y, aunque eso es una ventaja para algunos, dice, no lo es para todos, ya que en España aún predomina “una cultura en donde la formación cara a cara es importante y es sinónimo de calidad y fiabilidad”. El reto está, dice, “en trasladar la calidad de la educación presencial a la virtual. De momento, en el ranking de las 200 mejores universidades del mundo no figura ninguna universidad cuyo modelo de enseñanza sea únicamente virtual”.
“No se puede determinar que una metodología sea mejor que otra, pues deben de utilizarse en función de la situación, de forma que en unos casos y para unos estudiantes pueda ser mejor una y para otros estudiantes ser mejor la otra. De hecho, los resultados del estudio muestran mejores rendimientos para un mayor número de estudiantes, no para todos (y además las diferencias, aunque existen, no son excesivamente elevadas)”, insiste el profesor de la UNED José Manuel Suárez. De hecho, otro punto importante a tener en cuenta es el perfil de los estudiantes a distancia, gente que normalmente tiene que compaginar sus cursos con otras actividades, como un trabajo, lo cual implica una fuerza de voluntad y una motivación extra.
Así, lo que un gran número de expertos defiende como la mejor opción de futuro para la universidad es la mezcla, el híbrido. “La sustitución de la formación presencial por la formación virtual, aun cuando sea en niveles educativos superiores o universitarios (en primaria podría ser una barbaridad), siempre será menos buena que la combinación de online y presencial. Porque la interacción directa entre las personas (si se hace bien, si los profesores están bien preparados y ponen voluntad) es la más eficaz y eficiente”, asegura Pere Marqués, experto en nuevas tecnologías y docente en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
Aunque también hay quien piensa que, aunque creciente, será una posibilidad más entre todas las que darán las universidades. Es el caso del profesor de la Universidad de Meryland (EE UU) Mark L. Parker, que también participó en el estudio de la UNESCO sobre la universidad virtual: “Creo que será uno de los modelos que adoptarán la mayoría de las universidades en un futuro cercano. De qué manera y hasta dónde lo adoptarán dependerá de los objetivos y necesidades de cada campus”, añade. La oferta híbrida típica en su universidad, explica Parker, consiste en una clase presencial a la semana, con el resto de clases a través de la Red. Los alumnos pueden trabajar en pequeños grupos por Internet con videoconferencias, chat o correos electrónicos. Y el profesor, por su parte, puede colgar la selección de lecturas tomadas de la biblioteca virtual o hacer las tutorías por Internet.
En España, sin alcanzar tampoco para lanzar cohetes, las universidades van haciendo los deberes en este campo. La española es la segunda comunidad del mundo más activa de Moodle (un soporte de software libre para campus virtuales en los que alumnos y profesores puden hacer todas esas cosas de las que habla Parker) y desde hace años, se ha ido sucediendo la creación de campus virtuales de las universidades españolas e, incluso, uniéndose. Al campus virtual del G-9 -creado en 1997 por las universidades públicas de Baleares, Cantabria, Extremadura, Oviedo, País Vasco, Zaragoza, Navarra, La Rioja y Castilla-La Mancha-, le siguieron la red catalana Intercampus -Barcelona, Autónoma, Politécnica de Cataluña, Girona, Lleida, Rovira i Virgili, Pompeu Fabra y UOC- y la madrileña -Autónoma, Alcalá, Carlos III, Complutense, Politécnica y Rey Juan Carlos-.
Así, parece que, se llegue a imponer como modelo o se convierta en una opción mayoritaria más, todos parecen tener claro que la formación virtual va a crecer enormemente. Y el profesor australiano James C. Taylor va más allá, cree que el cambio será necesario para atender de manera eficiente el previsiblemente enorme aumento de alumnos de enseñanzas superiores en la próxima década, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo. Sólo India, asegura, necesitaría 2.400 universidades más en los próximos 25 años para atender su previsible aumento de alumnos. “Tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo, Internet será la única forma viable y efectiva de atender a la demanda de educación y formación continua”, escribió Taylor para una reciente conferencia.
La duda que queda es cómo cambiaría ese escenario del papel del profesor. Como se ha dicho tantas veces tras la irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad del conocimiento, los expertos siguen viendo al docente en el centro de la enseñanza, pero en lugar de como el proveedor principal de información, como un “facilitador, asesor”, asegura Taylor. “Es también conveniente que el profesor desarrolle un papel más activo y aquí la figura del tutor virtual es clave para garantizar acciones de calidad”, añade Cabero.
Parker, una vez más, se queda en una posición intermedia (híbrida): “Creo que el papel del profesor no cambia. Seguirá esperándose de él que lidere el aprendizaje de los alumnos y que los evalúe. La diferencia es que en un contexto mixto tendrá a su disposición muchos más recursos para mejorar ese aprendizaje. Además, tendrá la oportunidad de interactuar con los alumnos de una manera más rica. Por ejemplo, los comentarios y preguntas tanto de profesores como estudiantes, pueden quedar grabadas quedar accesibles todo el curso. Estas son claramente ventajas sobre el modelo clásico del profesor que habla en clase mientras sus alumnos toman apuntes”.
